楚江怀古三首
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唐代]:马戴
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露气寒光集,微阳下楚丘。猿啼洞庭树,人在木兰舟。
广泽生明月,苍山夹乱流。云中君不降,竟夕自悲秋。
惊鸟去无际,寒蛩鸣我傍。芦洲生早雾,兰隰下微霜。
列宿分穷野,空流注大荒。看山候明月,聊自整云装。
野风吹蕙带,骤雨滴兰桡。屈宋魂冥寞,江山思寂寥。
阴霓侵晚景,海树入回潮。欲折寒芳荐,明神讵可招。
楚江怀古三首译文及注释
译文
雾露团团凝聚寒气侵人,夕阳已落下楚地的山丘。
猿在洞庭湖畔树上啼叫,人乘木兰舟在湖中泛游。
明月从广漠的湖上升起,两岸青山夹着滔滔乱流。
云中仙君怎么都不见了?我竟通宵达旦独自悲秋。
注释
微阳:落日的残照。楚丘:泛指湖南的山岭。
木兰舟:船的美称。典出《迷异记》:“木兰洲在浔阳江中,多木兰树,七里洲中有鲁班刻木兰为舟。”
广泽:指青草湖,周长二百六十五里,与洞庭湖相连,是古代云梦泽的遗迹。
云中君:云神。屈原《九歌》有《云中君》篇,此处亦兼指屈原。
竟夕:整个晚上。
参考资料:
1、彭定求 等.全唐诗(下).上海:上海古籍出版社,1986:1420
2、于海娣 等.唐诗鉴赏大全集.北京:中国华侨出版社,2010:403-404
楚江怀古三首创作背景
大中(唐宣宗年号,847—859)初年,原在山西太原幕府掌书记的马戴,因直言被贬为龙阳(今湖南省常德市)尉,从北方来到江南,徘徊在洞庭湖畔和湘江之滨,触景生情,追慕前贤,感怀身世,写下《楚江怀古三首》。
参考资料:
1、于海娣 等.唐诗鉴赏大全集.北京:中国华侨出版社,2010:403-404
2、李静 等.唐诗宋词鉴赏大全集.北京:华文出版社,2009:202-203
楚江怀古三首鉴赏
三首诗中,其一既抒发了对忠君爱国但报国无门的屈原的爱慕、缅怀之情,又抒发了自己壮志难酬的悲伤忧苦之情
俞陛云在《诗境浅说》中说:“唐人五律,多高华雄厚之作,此诗以清微婉约出之,如仙人乘莲叶轻舟,凌波而下也。”他以“清微婉约”四字标举《楚江怀古三首》第一首诗的艺术风格,确实别具只眼。
秋风遥落的薄暮时分,江上晚雾初生,楚山夕阳西下,露气迷茫,寒意侵人。这种萧瑟清冷的秋暮景象,深曲微婉地透露了诗人悲凉落寞的情怀。斯时斯地,入耳的是洞庭湖边树丛中猿猴的哀啼,照眼的是江上飘流的木兰舟。“袅袅兮秋风,洞庭波兮木叶下”(《楚辞·九歌·湘夫人》),“船容与而不进兮,淹回水而凝滞”(《涉江》),诗人泛游在湘江之上,对景怀人,屈原的歌声仿佛在叩击他的心弦。“猿啼洞庭树,人在木兰舟”,这是晚唐诗中的名句,一句写听觉,一句写视觉;一句写物,一句写己;上句静中有动,下句动中有静。诗人伤秋怀远之情并没有直接说明,只是点染了一张淡彩的画,气象清远,婉而不露,让人思而得之。黄昏已尽,夜幕降临,一轮明月从广阔的洞庭湖上升起,深苍的山峦间夹泻着汩汩而下的乱流。“广泽生明月,苍山夹乱流”二句,描绘的虽是比较广阔的景象,但它的情致与笔墨还是清微婉约的。同是用五律写明月,张九龄的“海上生明月,天涯共此时”(《望月怀远》),李白的“梦绕城边月,心飞故国楼”(《太原早秋》),杜甫的“星垂平野阔,月涌大江流”(《旅夜书怀》),都是所谓“高华雄厚”之作。而马戴此联的风调却有明显的不同,这一联承上发展而来,是山水分设的写景。但“一切景语,皆情语也”(田同之《西圃词说》),“广泽生明月”的阔大和静谧,曲曲反衬出诗人远谪遐方的孤单离索;“苍山夹乱流”的迷茫与纷扰,深深映照出诗人内心深处的撩乱彷徨。夜已深沉,诗人尚未归去,俯仰于天地之间,沉浮于湘波之上,他不禁想起楚地古老的传说和屈原《九歌》中的“云中君”。“屈宋魂冥寞,江山思寂寥”(《楚江怀古三首》之三),云神无由得见,屈子也邈矣难寻,诗人自然更是感慨丛生了。“云中君不见,竟夕自悲秋”,点明题目中的“怀古”,而且以“竟夕”与“悲秋”在时间和节候上呼应开篇,使全诗在变化错综之中呈现出和谐完整之美,让人寻绎不尽。
从这首诗可以看到,清微婉约的风格,在内容上是由感情的细腻低回所决定的,在艺术表现上则是清超而不质实,深微而不粗放,词华淡远而不艳抹浓妆,含蓄蕴藉而不直露奔迸。马戴的这首诗,可说是晚唐诗歌园地里一枝具有独特芬芳和色彩的素馨花。
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刘将孙《
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踏莎行·闲游》
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钱谦益《
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秋水阁记》
马戴简介
唐代·马戴的简介
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马戴(799—869),字虞臣,唐定州曲阳(今江苏省东海县)人。晚唐时期著名诗人。
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唐代:
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清代:
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朱彝尊
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峻坂盘神树,阴崖凿鬼工。芳尘羽扇冷,春燕玉堂空。
不睹关门险,谁开造化功。经过遗像肃,千载岭云东。