过零丁洋
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宋代]：文天祥
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惶恐滩头说惶恐，零丁洋里叹零丁。
过零丁洋译文及注释
译文
春天的江潮水势浩荡，与大海连成一片，一轮明月从海上升起，好像与潮水一起涌出来。
月光照耀着春江，随着波浪闪耀千万里，所有地方的春江都有明亮的月光。
江水曲曲折折地绕着花草丛生的原野流淌，月光照射着开遍鲜花的树林好像细密的雪珠在闪烁。
月色如霜，所以霜飞无从觉察。洲上的白沙和月色融合在一起，看不分明。
江水、天空成一色，没有一点微小灰尘，明亮的天空中只有一轮孤月高悬空中。
江边上什么人最初看见月亮，江上的月亮哪一年最初照耀着人？
人生一代代地无穷无尽，只有江上的月亮一年年地总是相像。
不知江上的月亮等待着什么人，只见长江不断地一直运输着流水。
游子像一片白云缓缓地离去，只剩下思妇站在离别的青枫浦不胜忧愁。
哪家的游子今晚坐着小船在漂流？什么地方有人在明月照耀的楼上相思？
可怜楼上不停移动的月光，应该照耀着离人的梳妆台。
月光照进思妇的门帘，卷不走，照在她的捣衣砧上，拂不掉。
这时互相望着月亮可是互相听不到声音，我希望随着月光流去照耀着您。
鸿雁不停地飞翔，而不能飞出无边的月光；月照江面，鱼龙在水中跳跃，激起阵阵波纹。
（此二句写月光之清澈无边，也暗含鱼雁不能传信之意。）
昨天夜里梦见花落闲潭，可惜的是春天过了一半自己还不能回家。
江水带着春光将要流尽，水潭上的月亮又要西落。
斜月慢慢下沉，藏在海雾里，碣石与潇湘的离人距离无限遥远。
不知有几人能趁着月光回家，唯有那西落的月亮摇荡着离情，洒满了江边的树林。
注释
滟（yàn）滟：波光荡漾的样子。
芳甸(diàn）：芳草丰茂的原野。甸，郊外之地。
霰（xiàn）：天空中降落的白色不透明的小冰粒。形容月光下春花晶莹洁白。
流霜：飞霜，古人以为霜和雪一样，是从空中落下来的，所以叫流霜。在这里比喻月光皎洁，月色朦胧、流荡，所以不觉得有霜霰飞扬。
汀（tīng）：沙滩。
纤尘：微细的灰尘。
月轮：指月亮，因为月圆时像车轮，所以称为月轮。
穷已：穷尽。
江月年年只相似：另一种版本为“江月年年望相似”。
但见：只见、仅见。
悠悠：渺茫、深远。
青枫浦上：青枫浦 地名 今湖南浏阳县境内有青枫浦。这里泛指游子所在的地方。
浦上：水边。
扁舟子：飘荡江湖的游子。扁舟，小舟。
明月楼：月夜下的闺楼。这里指闺中思妇。
月徘徊：指月光偏照闺楼，徘徊不去，令人不胜其相思之苦。
离人：此处指思妇。
妆镜台：梳妆台。
玉户：形容楼阁华丽，以玉石镶嵌。
捣衣砧（zhēn ）：捣衣石、捶布石。
相闻：互通音信。
逐：追随。
月华：月光。
文：同“纹”。
闲潭：幽静的水潭。
复西斜：此中“斜”应为押韵读作“xiá”（洛阳方言是当时的标准国语，斜在洛阳方言中就读作xiá）。
潇湘:湘江与潇水。
碣(jié)石、潇湘：一南一北，暗指路途遥远，相聚无望。
无限路：极言离人相距之远。
乘月：趁着月光。
摇情：激荡情思，犹言牵情。
参考资料：
1、唐诗四首 春江花月夜．人民教育出版社[引用日期2014-06-15]
过零丁洋创作背景
这首诗见于文天祥《文山先生全集》，当作于公元1279年（宋祥兴二年）。公元1278年（宋祥兴元年），文天祥在广东海丰北五坡岭兵败被俘，押到船上，次年过零丁洋时作此诗。随后又被押解至崖山，张弘范逼迫他写信招降固守崖山的张世杰、陆秀夫等人，文天祥不从，出示此诗以明志。
参考资料：
1、范宁 ．爱国诗词鉴赏辞典 ：南京大学出版社 ，1992年5月 ：第532～533页 ．
过零丁洋鉴赏
南宋末年，文天祥在潮州与元军作战，被俘，途经零汀洋时，元军逼迫他招降坚守崖山的宋军，他写下了这首诗。诗人以诗明志，表现出视死如归的高风亮节和大义凛然的英雄气概。
“辛苦遭逢起一经，干戈寥落四周星。”诗人回顾自己的仕途和征战的经历：因科举而蒙朝廷重用，在荒凉冷落的战争环境中已经度过了四个春秋。“干戈寥落”在此亦指宋元间的战事已经接近尾声，南宋几近灭亡。“山河破碎风飘絮，身世沉浮雨打萍。”破碎的山河犹如风中飘絮，动荡不安的一生就像雨打浮萍。国家的灾难、个人的坎坷浓缩在这两个比喻句中，意思是国家和个人的命运都已经难以挽回。“惶恐滩头说惶恐，零丁洋里叹零丁。”在曾经兵败的惶恐滩头，诗人也曾为自己的命运惶恐忧虑，而今途经零丁洋又怎能不感叹自己的孤苦伶仃，无力挽救国家。“人生自古谁无死，留取丹青照汗青！”自古以来，人世间谁能免于一死？只求留下一颗赤胆忠心，永远照耀在史册上。此句慷慨陈词，直抒胸中正气，表现出舍生取义、视死如归的坚定信念和昂扬斗志，因此成为千古流传的名句。
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陶渊明《
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归园田居·其三》
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龚自珍《
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己亥杂诗·其五》
文天祥简介
唐代·文天祥的简介
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文天祥（1236.6.6－1283.1.9），字履善，又字宋瑞，自号文山，浮休道人。汉族，吉州庐陵（今江西吉安县）人，南宋末大臣，文学家，民族英雄。宝祐四年（1256年）进士，官到右丞相兼枢密史。被派往元军的军营中谈判，被扣留。后脱险经高邮嵇庄到泰县塘湾，由南通南归，坚持抗元。祥光元年（1278年）兵败被张弘范俘虏，在狱中坚持斗争三年多，后在柴市从容就义。著有《过零丁洋》、《文山诗集》、《指南录》、《指南后录》、《正气歌》等作品。
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吴顺之
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尧舜垂衣明日月，皋夔论道际风云。须知天地生成德，间世真儒辅圣君。
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跋楚老帖
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宋代：
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王庭圭
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佛固不可求，会处岂容说。苦作如是言，为谁略饶舌。
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再题翠云山房
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：
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弘历
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平生山水心，胜地辄留咏。虚轩惬远寄，万象供临凭。
岚霭朝夕变，峰峦前后映。秀是图画体，贞为松柏性。