过零丁洋
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宋代]:文天祥
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惶恐滩头说惶恐,零丁洋里叹零丁。
过零丁洋译文及注释
译文
春天的江潮水势浩荡,与大海连成一片,一轮明月从海上升起,好像与潮水一起涌出来。
月光照耀着春江,随着波浪闪耀千万里,所有地方的春江都有明亮的月光。
江水曲曲折折地绕着花草丛生的原野流淌,月光照射着开遍鲜花的树林好像细密的雪珠在闪烁。
月色如霜,所以霜飞无从觉察。洲上的白沙和月色融合在一起,看不分明。
江水、天空成一色,没有一点微小灰尘,明亮的天空中只有一轮孤月高悬空中。
江边上什么人最初看见月亮,江上的月亮哪一年最初照耀着人?
人生一代代地无穷无尽,只有江上的月亮一年年地总是相像。
不知江上的月亮等待着什么人,只见长江不断地一直运输着流水。
游子像一片白云缓缓地离去,只剩下思妇站在离别的青枫浦不胜忧愁。
哪家的游子今晚坐着小船在漂流?什么地方有人在明月照耀的楼上相思?
可怜楼上不停移动的月光,应该照耀着离人的梳妆台。
月光照进思妇的门帘,卷不走,照在她的捣衣砧上,拂不掉。
这时互相望着月亮可是互相听不到声音,我希望随着月光流去照耀着您。
鸿雁不停地飞翔,而不能飞出无边的月光;月照江面,鱼龙在水中跳跃,激起阵阵波纹。
(此二句写月光之清澈无边,也暗含鱼雁不能传信之意。)
昨天夜里梦见花落闲潭,可惜的是春天过了一半自己还不能回家。
江水带着春光将要流尽,水潭上的月亮又要西落。
斜月慢慢下沉,藏在海雾里,碣石与潇湘的离人距离无限遥远。
不知有几人能趁着月光回家,唯有那西落的月亮摇荡着离情,洒满了江边的树林。
注释
滟(yàn)滟:波光荡漾的样子。
芳甸(diàn):芳草丰茂的原野。甸,郊外之地。
霰(xiàn):天空中降落的白色不透明的小冰粒。形容月光下春花晶莹洁白。
流霜:飞霜,古人以为霜和雪一样,是从空中落下来的,所以叫流霜。在这里比喻月光皎洁,月色朦胧、流荡,所以不觉得有霜霰飞扬。
汀(tīng):沙滩。
纤尘:微细的灰尘。
月轮:指月亮,因为月圆时像车轮,所以称为月轮。
穷已:穷尽。
江月年年只相似:另一种版本为“江月年年望相似”。
但见:只见、仅见。
悠悠:渺茫、深远。
青枫浦上:青枫浦 地名 今湖南浏阳县境内有青枫浦。这里泛指游子所在的地方。
浦上:水边。
扁舟子:飘荡江湖的游子。扁舟,小舟。
明月楼:月夜下的闺楼。这里指闺中思妇。
月徘徊:指月光偏照闺楼,徘徊不去,令人不胜其相思之苦。
离人:此处指思妇。
妆镜台:梳妆台。
玉户:形容楼阁华丽,以玉石镶嵌。
捣衣砧(zhēn ):捣衣石、捶布石。
相闻:互通音信。
逐:追随。
月华:月光。
文:同“纹”。
闲潭:幽静的水潭。
复西斜:此中“斜”应为押韵读作“xiá”(洛阳方言是当时的标准国语,斜在洛阳方言中就读作xiá)。
潇湘:湘江与潇水。
碣(jié)石、潇湘:一南一北,暗指路途遥远,相聚无望。
无限路:极言离人相距之远。
乘月:趁着月光。
摇情:激荡情思,犹言牵情。
参考资料:
1、唐诗四首 春江花月夜.人民教育出版社[引用日期2014-06-15]
过零丁洋创作背景
这首诗见于文天祥《文山先生全集》,当作于公元1279年(宋祥兴二年)。公元1278年(宋祥兴元年),文天祥在广东海丰北五坡岭兵败被俘,押到船上,次年过零丁洋时作此诗。随后又被押解至崖山,张弘范逼迫他写信招降固守崖山的张世杰、陆秀夫等人,文天祥不从,出示此诗以明志。
参考资料:
1、范宁 .爱国诗词鉴赏辞典 :南京大学出版社 ,1992年5月 :第532~533页 .
过零丁洋鉴赏
南宋末年,文天祥在潮州与元军作战,被俘,途经零汀洋时,元军逼迫他招降坚守崖山的宋军,他写下了这首诗。诗人以诗明志,表现出视死如归的高风亮节和大义凛然的英雄气概。
“辛苦遭逢起一经,干戈寥落四周星。”诗人回顾自己的仕途和征战的经历:因科举而蒙朝廷重用,在荒凉冷落的战争环境中已经度过了四个春秋。“干戈寥落”在此亦指宋元间的战事已经接近尾声,南宋几近灭亡。“山河破碎风飘絮,身世沉浮雨打萍。”破碎的山河犹如风中飘絮,动荡不安的一生就像雨打浮萍。国家的灾难、个人的坎坷浓缩在这两个比喻句中,意思是国家和个人的命运都已经难以挽回。“惶恐滩头说惶恐,零丁洋里叹零丁。”在曾经兵败的惶恐滩头,诗人也曾为自己的命运惶恐忧虑,而今途经零丁洋又怎能不感叹自己的孤苦伶仃,无力挽救国家。“人生自古谁无死,留取丹青照汗青!”自古以来,人世间谁能免于一死?只求留下一颗赤胆忠心,永远照耀在史册上。此句慷慨陈词,直抒胸中正气,表现出舍生取义、视死如归的坚定信念和昂扬斗志,因此成为千古流传的名句。
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归园田居·其三》
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龚自珍《
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己亥杂诗·其五》
文天祥简介
唐代·文天祥的简介
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文天祥(1236.6.6-1283.1.9),字履善,又字宋瑞,自号文山,浮休道人。汉族,吉州庐陵(今江西吉安县)人,南宋末大臣,文学家,民族英雄。宝祐四年(1256年)进士,官到右丞相兼枢密史。被派往元军的军营中谈判,被扣留。后脱险经高邮嵇庄到泰县塘湾,由南通南归,坚持抗元。祥光元年(1278年)兵败被张弘范俘虏,在狱中坚持斗争三年多,后在柴市从容就义。著有《过零丁洋》、《文山诗集》、《指南录》、《指南后录》、《正气歌》等作品。
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吴顺之
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尧舜垂衣明日月,皋夔论道际风云。须知天地生成德,间世真儒辅圣君。
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跋楚老帖
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宋代:
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王庭圭
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佛固不可求,会处岂容说。苦作如是言,为谁略饶舌。
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再题翠云山房
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:
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弘历
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平生山水心,胜地辄留咏。虚轩惬远寄,万象供临凭。
岚霭朝夕变,峰峦前后映。秀是图画体,贞为松柏性。