秋风辞
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两汉]:刘彻
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箫鼓鸣兮发棹歌,欢乐极兮哀情多。
少壮几时兮奈老何!
秋风辞译文及注释
译文
秋风刮起,白云飞。草木枯黄雁南归。
秀美的是兰花呀,芳香的是菊花。思念美人难忘怀。
乘坐着楼船行驶在汾河上,划动船桨扬起白色的波浪。
吹起箫来打起鼓,欢乐过头哀伤多。
年轻的日子早过去,渐渐衰老没奈何。
注释
辞:韵文的一种。
黄落:变黄而枯落。
秀:此草本植物开花叫“秀”。这里比佳人颜色。芳:香气,比佳人香气。兰、菊:这里比拟佳人。“兰有秀”与“菊有芳”,互文见义,意为兰和菊均有秀、有芳。
佳人:这里指想求得的贤才。
泛:浮。楼船:上面建造楼的大船。泛楼船,即“乘楼船”的意思。汾河:起源于山西宁武,西南流至河津西南入黄河。
中流:中央。扬素波:激起白色波浪。
鸣:发声,响。发:引发,即“唱”。棹(zhào):船桨。这里代指船。棹歌:船工行船时所唱的歌。
极:尽。
奈老阿:对老怎么办呢?
参考资料:
1、任克良编 .拜城诗词选编 :中国文化出版社 ,2010 :14 .
2、李寅生著 .中国古典诗文精品读本 上册 :国家行政学院出版社 ,2013 :82-83 .
3、霍松林著 .霍松林选集 第十卷 历代好诗诠评 :陕西师范大学出版总社 ,2010 :3-4 .
4、姜葆夫选析 .汉魏六朝诗歌赏析 :广西教育出版社 ,1991 :4-6 .
5、童辉主编 .一生最爱古诗词 :外文出版社 ,2012 :115-116 .
秋风辞创作背景
据《汉书·武帝纪》,汉武帝刘彻到河东汾阴(今山西省万荣县西南)祭祀后土,共有五次。只有一次在秋天,即元鼎四年(前113)十月。这次出巡,途中传来南征将士的捷报,而将当地改名为闻喜,沿用至今。时值秋风萧飒,汉武帝乘坐楼船泛舟汾河,饮宴中流。宴尽之余,遂作此篇。
参考资料:
1、梁时,周笃文主编;徐晋如注评 .华夏之歌 中华爱国思乡诗选 :华艺出版社 ,2001 :24 .
2、姜葆夫选析 .汉魏六朝诗歌赏析 :广西教育出版社 ,1991 :4-6 .
3、黄绍筠著 .中华古典诗歌吟味 :西冷印社 ,2001 :42-43 .
秋风辞鉴赏
诗开篇写道:“秋风起兮白云飞,草木黄落兮雁南归。”阵阵秋风卸白云而飞,岸边的树木已不复葱郁,然而纷纷飘坠的金色的落叶,为秋日渲染了一副斑斓的背景。大雁苍鸣,缓缓掠过樯桅……短短两句,清远流丽。
胡应麟《诗薮·内编》卷三:“秋风百代情至之宗。”秋日乃惹人思情,虽有幽兰含芳,秋菊斗艳,然凋零的草木,归雁声声,勾起汉武帝对“佳人”不尽的思念之情:“兰有秀兮菊有芳,怀佳人兮不能忘。”此句写的缠绵流丽乃一诗之精华,正如张玉谷《古诗赏析》卷三:“此辞有感秋摇落系念仙意。怀佳人句,一篇之骨……”
“泛楼船兮济汾河,横中流兮扬素波。萧鼓鸣兮发棹歌”三句,竭力描写汉武帝泛舟中流、君臣欢宴景致。当楼船在汾河中流疾驶,潺缓的碧水,顿时扬起一片白色的波浪。在酒酣耳热之际,不禁随着棹橹之声叩舷而歌。
紧接着却出现了“欢乐极兮哀情多”。君临天下,当藐视一世,俯视天地之间,应慨然得意忘形尔。何来如此幽情哀音?王尧衢《古诗合解》卷一一语道破:“乐极悲来,乃人情之常也。愁乐事可复而盛年难在。武帝求长生而慕神仙,正为此一段苦处难谴耳。念及此而歌啸中流,顿觉兴尽,然自是绝妙好辞”原来,即便是君王也免不了生老病死,眼前的尊贵荣华终有尽时,人生老之将至,所有一切也会随着死亡不复存在,所以又怎能不因为“少壮几时兮奈老何”而忧伤呢?
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谭嗣同《
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狱中题壁》
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郑思肖《
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寒菊》
刘彻简介
唐代·刘彻的简介
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汉武帝刘彻(公元前156年-前87年),西汉的第7位皇帝,杰出的政治家、战略家、诗人。刘彻开拓汉朝最大版图,在各个领域均有建树,汉武盛世是中国历史上的三大盛世之一。晚年穷兵黩武,又造成了巫蛊之祸,征和四年刘彻下罪己诏。公元前87年刘彻崩于五柞宫,享年70岁,谥号孝武皇帝,庙号世宗,葬于茂陵。
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宋代:
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沈辽
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