江州重别薛六柳八二员外
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唐代]:刘长卿
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生涯岂料承优诏,世事空知学醉歌。
寄身且喜沧洲近,顾影无如白发何。
今日龙钟人共弃,愧君犹遣慎风波。
江州重别薛六柳八二员外译文及注释
译文
多年沦落的生涯,谁知竟得到天子的厚恩。世间万事我都已参破,只想学醉饮狂歌的古人。
江上的月色分外清明,胡雁从夜空飞掠而过。秋风吹起,淮南已树木凋尽,楚地山头的落叶想必更多。
且喜暂时可以寄身的地方,在那沧海近旁。对着明镜来回照影,萧萧白发徒然地令人心伤。
如今你们同我都已经老去,都一样是这般步履龙钟。你们还叮嘱我要留意风波险恶,真叫我深深惭愧无限感动。
注释
江州:今江西九江市。
薛六、柳八:名未详。六、八,是他们的排行。
员外:员外郎的简称。原指正额的成员以外郎官,为中央各司次官。
生涯:犹生计。
优诏:优厚待遇的诏书。根据上下文,此当为反语。
醉歌:醉饮歌唱。
胡雁:指从北方来的雁。
“淮南”句:江州在淮南,其地又在古代楚国境。楚山多,木叶零落,所见之山也多了。
沧洲:滨海的地方,也用以指隐士居处。
顾:回看。
无如:无奈。
龙钟:指老态迟钝貌。
老:一作“弃”。
遣:使,这里是叮咛之意。
慎风波:慎于宦海风波。
参考资料:
1、金性尧.唐诗三百首新注:上海古籍出版社,1993:275-276
2、赵昌平.唐诗三百首全解:复旦大学出版社,2006:232-233
3、张国伟 韩成武.唐诗三百首赏析:河北人民出版社,1995:400-402
4、吉林大学中文系.唐诗鉴赏大典(七):吉林大学出版社,2009:134-136
5、沙灵娜 何年.唐诗三百首全译:贵州人民出版社,1990:334-335
江州重别薛六柳八二员外创作背景
唐德宗建中三年(782),李希烈叛军占据随州,失州而流落江州(今江西九江),后应辟入淮南节度使幕。行前先有五律《江州留别薛六柳八又二员外》,故这首诗题作“重别”。一说此诗作于唐肃宗至德三载(758),时诗人贬南巴尉,中间曾移往洪州暂住,路过江州时作。
参考资料:
1、金性尧.唐诗三百首新注:上海古籍出版社,1993:275-276
2、赵昌平.唐诗三百首全解:复旦大学出版社,2006:232-233
3、吉林大学中文系.唐诗鉴赏大典(七):吉林大学出版社,2009:134-136
江州重别薛六柳八二员外鉴赏
失州入幕,年岁已垂垂老矣;虽然寄身有地,但心情不能不是感伤多于慰藉。这首诗即写这种帐触之情。
首联写诗人奉诏内移沿海的感受。起句字面上称美皇恩浩荡,实际止用春秋笔法,以微言而寄讽意。诗人曾被贬南巴,此次奉诏内移,也是一种贬滴,只不过是由极远的南巴内移到较近的近海之睦州罢了。所以“承优诏”云云,实是反说,愤激不平才是其真意。对句则由止句之婉讽陡然转为无可奈何的一声浩叹,是真情的淋漓尽致的倾吐,也将上句隐含的讽意明朗化了。醉歌,它常常是作为古之文人浇愁遣愤的一种方式。刘长卿两次被贬在其心灵上留下创伤,借“醉歌”以排遣,已属无奈,前面冠以“空知”二字,则更进一层透出诗人徒知如此的深沉感慨,这就将苦清暗暗向深推进了一步。首联二句已点出诗人情绪,次联则以江州景色而染之,诗脉顺势而下。
颔联所写即眼前之景——江水、明月、北雁、落木、楚山,渲染清秋气氛,借以抒写宦海浮沉的深沉感慨。浩荡江水,凄清明月,一群北来南去的大雁掠空而过;江州一带万木凋零,落叶飒飒,原先被树木遮蔽的古楚地的山岭突然裸露出来,似乎比往日增加了许多。二句写景,一天上,一地下,一写水,一写山,一近一远,一动一静,上下俯抑,参差交互,成就了二幅水天空寂、江山寥落的江州秋色图。而作者的真正用意则在于通过这貌似孤立的景物画面,来抒写孤寂凄凉的心境和贬滴天涯的感恨。北雁南飞,暗寓诗人迁播;落术飒飒,隐含诗人晚景萧条,且与尾联“老”字遥相呼应;楚山之多亦正好反衬出作者的一己之微。所以,此联妙在以景传情,情从景出,情景相为珀芥,二者互藏其宅。
颈联的感喟即由此种氛围中生发。“寄身且喜沧洲近”,努力想从萧瑟感中振起,但下句“顾影无如白发多”又跌落到感伤中。这一联的脉理很细腻,寄身沧洲,自然是从上联将往淮南引起的悬想,而“沧洲近”,就离自己北国的家乡更远了,其意又隐隐上应领联上句的“胡雁过”。“沧洲近”又有悬想此后得遂闲适初志之意,但忽见明镜里,白发已多多,“白发”又隐隐与颔联下句萧瑟的“楚山多”在意象上相呼应。生涯如同一年将尽的深秋,遥远的故乡更回归无日,因此这“喜”只能是“且”喜,而白发缘愁长,却是“无如”其“何”的严酷的现实。
“今日龙钟人共老,愧君狄遣慎风波。”以感愧友人情谊作结,并隐隐透出前路上尚有风波之险。在关合诗题“重别薛六柳八二员外”的同时,以“慎风波”暗暗反挑首联的“生涯”、“世事”之叹。分别之际,诗人感愧万端地说:如今我和你们都已老态龙钟,多亏二位旧识还叮嘱我警惕旅途风波。在此之前,刘长卿因“刚而犯上”被贬到遥远的南巴,此次奉诏内移,薛柳二人担心他再次得罪皇帝,故有“慎风波”之劝。对此,诗人深深地为之感愧。“风波”一词,语意双关,既指江上风波,又暗指宦海风波。这样一结,既写出了薛柳二人对诗人的殷殷叮嘱之情,又传出了诗人感愧友人的神态。
综观全诗,或委婉托讽,或直抒胸臆,或借景言情,运用多种笔墨,向友人倾诉了因犯土而遭贬滴的痛苦情怀。语言看似质实,却不乏风流文采。前人评对长卿七言律诗云:“工绝秀绝。”当不为溢美之词。
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李颀《
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送陈章甫》
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杜甫《
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月夜忆舍弟》
刘长卿简介
唐代·刘长卿的简介
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刘长卿(约726 — 约786),字文房,汉族,宣城(今属安徽)人,唐代诗人。后迁居洛阳,河间(今属河北)为其郡望。玄宗天宝年间进士。肃宗至德中官监察御史,后为长洲县尉,因事下狱,贬南巴尉。代宗大历中任转运使判官,知淮西、鄂岳转运留后,又被诬再贬睦州司马。德宗建中年间,官终随州刺史,世称刘随州。
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王建
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戴胜谁与尔为名,木中作窠墙上鸣。声声催我急种谷,
人家向田不归宿。紫冠采采褐羽斑,衔得蜻蜓飞过屋。
可怜白鹭满绿池,不如戴胜知天时。
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西楼怨为孔宗鲁悼亡作
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:
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樊阜
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莺啼燕语春漫漫,落花飞絮吹作团。
雨歇西楼晚晴薄,弦丝调短催长叹。
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赠卢时赐从事
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明代:
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孙绪
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白马金羁气浩然,客衣前日别幽燕。摇摇易水秋风外,窅窅瀛洲夕照边。
行人随处问名姓,争识卢家美少年。归来下马拜堂序,邻翁趋走肩相骈。