前出塞九首·其六
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唐代]:杜甫
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挽弓当挽强,用箭当用长。射人先射马,擒贼先擒王。
杀人亦有限,列国自有疆。苟能制侵陵,岂在多杀伤。
前出塞九首·其六译文及注释
译文
拉弓要拉最坚硬的,射箭要射最长的。射人先要射马,擒贼先要擒住他们的首领。
杀人要有限制,各个国家都有边界。只要能够制止敌人的侵犯就可以了,难道打仗就是为了多杀人吗?
注释
挽:拉。
当:应当。
长:指长箭。
擒:捉拿。
前四句极像谣谚,可能是当时军中流行的作战歌诀。马目标大易射,马倒则人非死即伤,故先射马,蛇无头而不行,王擒则贼自溃散,故先擒王。擒王句乃主意所在,下四句便是引伸这一句的。
亦有限:是说也有个限度,有个主从。正承上句意。沈德潜《杜诗偶评》:“诸本杀人亦有限,惟文待诏(文徵明)作杀人亦无限,以开合语出之,较有味。”不确。
列国:各国。
疆:边界。
自有疆,是说总归有个疆界,饶你再开边。和前出塞诗第一首中的“开边一何多”照应。
苟能:如果能。
侵陵:侵犯。
岂:难道。
最后两句是说如果能抵制外来侵略的话,那末只要擒其渠魁就行了,又哪在多杀人呢?张远《杜诗会粹》:“大经济语,借戍卒口中说出。”在这里我们相当明显的看到杜甫的政治观点。
参考资料:
1、萧涤非.杜甫诗选注.北京:人民文学出版社,1998:30-36
前出塞九首·其六创作背景
天宝十一载(752年),四十岁的杜甫写的《前出塞》是一系列军事题材的诗歌。这个时期还是唐朝的生长期,伴随着生长期的,是唐朝在军事上的扩张期,朝廷上上下下的预估大多是乐观的,杜甫却对唐玄宗的军事路线不太认同。
参考资料:
1、周啸天 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典补编.成都:四川文艺出版社,1990:249-251
2、周啸天 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典补编.成都:四川文艺出版社,1990:249-251
前出塞九首·其六鉴赏
作者是唐代诗人杜甫,诗人先写《出塞》九首,后又写《出塞》五首;加“前”、“后”以示区别。《前出塞》是写天宝末年哥舒翰征伐吐蕃的时事,意在讽刺唐玄宗的开边黩武,本篇原列第六首,是其中较有名的一篇。诗的前四句,很象是当时军中流行的作战歌诀,颇富韵致,饶有理趣,深得议论要领。所以黄生说它“似谣似谚,最是乐府妙境”。两个“当”,两个“先”,妙语连珠,开人胸臆,提出了作战步骤的关键所在,强调部伍要强悍,士气要高昂,对敌有方略,智勇须并用。四句以排句出之,如数家珍,宛若总结战斗经验。然而从整篇看,它还不是作品的主旨所在,而只是下文的衬笔。后四句才道出赴边作战应有的终极目的。“杀人亦有限,列国自有疆。苟能制侵陵,岂在多杀伤?”诗人慷慨陈词,直抒胸臆,发出振聋发聩的呼声。他认为,拥强兵只为守边,赴边不为杀伐。不论是为制敌而“射马”,不论是不得已而“杀伤”,不论是拥强兵而“擒王”,都应以“制侵陵”为限度,不能乱动干戈,更不应以黩武为能事,侵犯异邦。这种以战去战,以强兵制止侵略的思想,是恢宏正论,安边良策;它反映了国家的利益,人民的愿望。所以,张会在《杜诗府粹》里说,这几句“大经济语,借戍卒口说出”。从艺术构思说,作者采用了先扬后抑的手法:前四句以通俗而富哲理的谣谚体开势,讲如何练兵用武,怎样克敌制胜;后四句却写如何节制武功,力避杀伐,逼出“止戈为武”本旨。先行辅笔,后行主笔;辅笔与主笔之间,看似掠转,实是顺接,看似矛盾,实为辩证。因为如无可靠的武备,就不能制止外来侵略;但自恃强大武装而穷兵黩武,也是不可取的。所以诗人主张既拥强兵,又以“制侵陵”为限,才符合最广大人民的利益。浦起龙在《读杜心解》中很有体会地说:“上四(句)如此飞腾,下四(句)忽然掠转,兔起鹘落,如是!如是!”这里说的“飞腾”和“掠转”,就是指作品中的奔腾气势和波澜;这里说的“兔起鹘落”就是指在奔腾的气势中自然地逼出“拥强兵而反黩武”的深邃题旨。在唐人的篇什中,以议论取胜的作品较少,而本诗却以此见称;它以立意高、正气宏、富哲理、有气势而博得好评。
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苏轼《
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沁园春·孤馆灯青》
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刘向 编《
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六亲五法》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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宋代:
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明代:
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罗洪先
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金台初献策,彤管受咨询。宝剑虚知已,青刍愧古人。
十年操别鹤,千载著伤麟。日暮寒江上,孤云对白蘋。