饮马长城窟行
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魏晋]:陈琳
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饮马长城窟,水寒伤马骨。
往谓长城吏,慎莫稽留太原卒!
官作自有程,举筑谐汝声!
男儿宁当格斗死,何能怫郁筑长城。
长城何连连,连连三千里。
边城多健少,内舍多寡妇。
作书与内舍,便嫁莫留住。
善待新姑嫜,时时念我故夫子!
报书往边地,君今出语一何鄙?
身在祸难中,何为稽留他家子?
生男慎莫举,生女哺用脯。
结发行事君,慊慊心意关。
明知边地苦,贱妾何能久自全?
饮马长城窟行译文及注释
译文
放马饮水长城窟,泉水寒冷伤马骨。
找到长城的官吏对他说,“千万别再留滞太原的劳役卒!”
(当官的说:)“官家的工程有期限,快打夯土齐声喊!”
(太原差役说:)“男儿自当格斗死,怎能抑郁造长城?”
长城绵绵无边际,绵延不断三千里。
边城无数服役的青壮年,家乡无数的妻子孤独居。
捎书带信与妻子:“快快重嫁不要等!
嫁后好好伺侯新公婆,时时记住不要忘了我这个旧男人。”
妻子回书到边地,(妻子信中质问:)“你如今说话怎么这么难听?”
(太原差役信中说:)“身陷祸难回不去,为什么还留住人家女儿不放呢?
生下男孩千万不要养,生下女孩用肉来哺。
你难道没有看见长城下,死人的骸骨相交叉?”
(妻子信中说:)“嫁你就该随着你,想来不够牵记你。
明明知道边地苦,我怎能长久活着求自保?”
注释
饮马长城窟行:汉乐府旧题,属《相和歌·瑟调曲》。长城窟,长城侧畔的泉眼。窟,泉窟,泉眼。郦道元《水经注》说“余至长城,其下有泉窟,可饮马。”
慎莫:恳请语气,千万不要。慎,小心,千万,这里是告诫的语气。稽留:滞留,阻留,指延长服役期限。太原:秦郡名,约在今山西省中部地区。这句是役夫们对长城吏说的话。
官作:官府的工程,指筑城任务而言。程:期限。
筑:夯类等筑土工具。谐汝声:喊齐你们打夯的号子。这是长城吏不耐烦地回答太原卒们的话。
宁当:宁愿,情愿。格斗:搏斗。
怫(fú)郁:烦闷,憋着气。
连连:形容长而连绵不断的样子。
健少:健壮的年轻人。
内舍:指戍卒的家中。寡妇:指役夫们的妻子,古时凡独居守候丈夫的妇人皆可称为寡妇。
事:侍奉。姑嫜(zhāng):婆婆和公公。
故夫子:旧日的丈夫。以上三句是役夫给家中妻子信中所说的话。
报书:回信。
鄙:粗野,浅薄,不通情理。这是役夫的妻子回答役夫的话。
他家子:犹言别人家女子,这里指自己的妻子。这是戍卒在解释他让妻子改嫁的苦衷。
举:本义指古代给初生婴儿的洗沐礼,后世一般用为“抚养”之义。
哺:喂养。脯:干肉,腊肉。
撑拄:支架。骸骨相互撑拄,可见死人之多。以上四句是化用秦时民谣:“生男慎勿举,生女哺用脯,不见长城下,尸骸相支拄。”
结发:指十五岁,古时女子十五岁开始用笄结发,表示成年。行:句中助词,如同现代汉语的“来”。
慊慊(qiàn):空虚苦闷的样子,这里指两地思念。关:牵连。
久自全:长久地保全自己。自全,独自活着。以上四句是说,自从和你结婚以来,我就一直痛苦地关心着你。你在边地所受的苦楚我是明白的,如果你要死了,我自己又何必再长久地苟活下去呢?这是役夫的妻子回答役夫的话。
饮马长城窟行鉴赏
本诗用乐府旧题,以秦代统治者驱使百姓修筑长城的史实为背景,通过筑城役卒夫妻对话,揭露了无休止的徭役,给人民带来的深重灾难。诗中用书信往返的对话形式,揭示了男女主人公的内心世界和他们彼此间地深深牵挂,赞美了筑城役卒夫妻生死不渝的高尚情操。语言简洁生动,真挚感人。
让马饮水,只得到那长城下山石间的泉眼,那里的水是那么的冰冷,以致都伤及到了马的骨头里。
一位筑城役卒跑去对监修长城的官吏恳求说:你们千万不要长时间的滞留我们这些来自太原的役卒啊!
监修长城的官吏说:官府的工程自有一定的期限,哪能由你们说了算!赶紧拿起工具,大家一齐唱打夯的号子,尽力干活去吧!
筑城役卒心里想:男子汉大丈夫,宁愿上战场在与敌人的厮杀中为国捐躯,怎么能够满怀郁闷地一天天地修筑长城呢?
第二层(9—12句),过渡段,承上启下:
边城多的是健壮的年轻男人,家中大多只剩下独居的女人了。
这位筑城役卒写信给在家的妻子说:你赶紧趁年轻改嫁吧,不必留在家里等了。
妻子在送往边地的信中说:你把我当成什么人了,你这时候还说出这么浅薄的话来?
筑城役卒回信说:我自己处在祸难当中,也许今生我们再也没有团圆的可能了,为什么要去拖累别人家的女儿呢?
将来如果你生了男孩,千万不要去养育他;如果生下女孩,就用干肉精心地抚养她吧!
你难道没看见长城的下面,死人尸骨累累,重重叠叠地相互支撑着,堆积在一块吗?
妻子回信说:我自从结婚嫁给你,就一直伺候着你,对你身在边地,心里虽然充满了哀怨,可时时牵挂着你啊。
现在我明明知道在边地筑城是那么地艰苦,我又怎么能够自私地图谋长久地保全自己呢?
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高适《
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营州歌》
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陈琳《
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饮马长城窟行》
陈琳简介
唐代·陈琳的简介
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陈琳(?-217年),字孔璋,广陵射阳人。东汉末年著名文学家,“建安七子”之一。生年无确考,惟知在“建安七子”中比较年长,约与孔融相当。汉灵帝末年,任大将军何进主簿。何进为诛宦官而召四方边将入京城洛阳,陈琳曾谏阻,但何进不纳,终于事败被杀。董卓肆恶洛阳,陈琳避难至冀州,入袁绍幕府。袁绍失败后,陈琳为曹军俘获。曹操爱其才而不咎,署为司空军师祭酒,使与阮瑀同管记室。后又徙为丞相门下督。建安二十二年(217年),与刘桢、应玚、徐干等同染疫疾而亡。 陈琳著作,据《隋书·经籍志》载原有集10卷,已佚。明代张溥辑有《陈记室集》,收入《汉魏六朝百三家集》中。
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寂寞非人境,清虚惬道心。听经猿入定,破梦鹤鸣阴。
刻竹题诗遍,望云怀古深。萧萧羞两鬓,吾欲投吾簪。
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寄巡铺温■
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南北朝:
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邹浩
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几日长亭复短亭,霜梅夹路喜相迎。风光总属君家管,霁色偏随马足生。
老酒盈杯谁款曲,少陵佳句谩分明。回头安福前山晓,八桂苍苍无限情。
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蔡尚书挽词二首
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宋代:
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叶适
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总角都鳌头,老生基伏膺。
白首参豹尾,后出夸先登。